Ion (de)solvation throughout BPM water dissociation and water formation. Credit score: Nature Power (2024). DOI: 10.1038/s41560-024-01484-z Bipolar membranes are a category of ion-conductive polymers comprised of two oppositely charged layers, often known as the cation-exchange and anion-exchange layer. These membranes are central to the functioning of assorted applied sciences, together with electrolyzers and hydrogen gasoline